Monday, December 30, 2019

Compare And Contrast Essay Structure Block Method

Compare and Contrast Essay Structure: Block Method Block Method When moving away from your home country you can lose a sense of identity; this was the case for myself, and an issue which was at the heart of two incredibly different, yet fascinating writings by Dinaw Mengustu, in ‘Home at Last’ and Manuel Munoz, in ‘Leave your name at the border’. Although these stories are based around contrasting settings, characters and ideas; they are both essentially centred on the concepts of ‘Culture’ and ‘Transition’. Culture and transition may be presented differently, but they are both at the heart of each story. They play a pivotal role in each writer’s development, transition and conclusion. These themes may be inherent in both stories but†¦show more content†¦The idea of culture is as important as it can define who a person is, as well as the personal characteristics and attitudes which are shared between the people that belong to it. It is a personal journey to find something which is seldom given to many others. â€Å"Rather that sense that no matter how far you travel, or how far you can always return to, no place you fully belong†. He travelled to many places, without ever having that one place which he could whole heartedly refer to as ‘home’. Feeling lost and disillusioned is a common trend in the story, with a lack of culture at its heart. This is reinforced in the fact that his parents had an overwhelming sense of culture, which was clear to see for him, and one which he could be quite envious of. â€Å"It’s easy to see now how even as a family we were isolated from one another-my parents tied and lost to their past, my sister and I irrevocably assimilated. For years we were strangers even among ourselves†. This culminates in his realisation that culture is no necessarily a place, or an origin; it is a sense of belonging. The place where you can call home is not based on where you’re from, but the place you feel like part of the community. He felt at home in Kensington, and was happier in the knowledge that it was a place which was home to many other people who felt just as he once did. This was a place where he could assimilate with others, all fromShow MoreRelatedLearning Theories Provide Instructional Designers With Instructional Strategies And Techniques870 Words   |  4 Pagestechniques which facilitate learning. Each learning perspective discussed in this essay is in terms of specific interpretation of the learning process. The information presented provides the reader with a comparison and contrast of the differences in practical application in an instructional situation. The specific learning theories in this essay are behaviorism, constructivism and cognitivism. The essay will compare and contrast how learning occurs in each theory, the roles of the teacher and the studentRead MoreImpact of Reward System on Employee Performance1051 Words   |  5 Pagesmanager what are the methods you will consider whil e assessing individual performance. (10marks) b) Discuss the total reward and model of manus and Graham. (10marks) Question 3 a) Discuss any two job job evaluation techniques used in an organization. (10marks) b) Compare and contrast performance management and performance appraisal. (10marks) Question 4 a) Discuss the major components of an international remuneration system. (10marks) b) Discuss the performance assessment methods that can be used inRead MoreApplication Writing As An Effective Method Of Writing866 Words   |  4 Pagesform of communication that is extremely important in my everyday life. The knowledge of writing that I have acquired directly impacts my life as a student now, and my life as a health care provider in the years to come. If I do not use an effective method of writing, I will not be able to deliver information and ideas to others efficiently. Thankfully, this class has allowed me to master learning outcomes that will help shape me as a writer and help myself advance within my communication skills. IRead MoreDevelopment Of Modernism After World War II1718 Words   |  7 Pageswar, it destroyed a previous social and economic order (Curtis, 1996). Many of tall buildings were built to meet the large number of human requirements. Modernism was rapidly developed at that time. This essay aims to explore the development of modernism after Wor ld War II by compare and contrast the two apartments which are Hansaviertel Apartment in German and Society Hill Towers in the USA. It first discusses the similarity of the two chosen buildings. Then explains the difference of design, whichRead MoreComparison and Contrast Essay7914 Words   |  32 Pagesand Contrast Essay Prepared for the Communication Competencies Center University of Puerto Rico at Humacao Title V Project Anà ­bal Muà ±oz Claudio May 2005 Contents Introduction †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦...†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦i General Objective †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦.†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦ii Specific Objectives †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦..†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦.†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦ii How can you use this module? †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦.†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦.†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦...1 Part I. General Knowledge of Essay Structures and Content†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦2 Part II. Writing a Comparison and Contrast Essay†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Read MoreAncient Greek And Roman Architecture Essay1972 Words   |  8 PagesThis essay will mostly outline the main similarities and differences associated with ancient Greek and Roman architecture. This paper will venture to distinguish the physical and integral differences between ancient Roman and Greek architecture. It will also determine the similarities associated with these two variations of ancient architecture. In addition, this paper will explain why and how these forms of architecture are still relevant in today’s society. Ancient architecture is not just a thingRead MoreWhat Causes Aggression? Is It an ‘Instinct’ or a ‘Learned Behaviour’?1703 Words   |  7 PagesWhat causes aggression? Is it an ‘instinct’ or a ‘learned behaviour’? (a) Compare and contrast the views of any two psychological domains on the causes of aggression. (b) Evaluate the validity of their claims in the order to reach an informed decision about the causes of aggression. In order to explore the causes of aggressive behaviour, we have to be clear about what we mean by aggressive behaviour. The psychological definitions of aggression are determined by theoretical perspectives and thereRead MoreSocial Constructionism, Positivism and Classicism Essay1826 Words   |  8 PagesWith reference to the materials in Block 1 – and using your own words – compare and contrast: * classicism * positivism * social constructionism The role of theory in contemporary youth justice practice is crucial in shaping and conceptualising relationships between youth and crime. It provides a structure for how youth justice is practiced and helps make sense of today’s issues surrounding the topic. Approaches to youth justice have evolved throughout the centuries and it is importantRead MoreThe Healthcare Industry1578 Words   |  7 Pagesgrowing market share. †¢ Developing alternative revenue streams. †¢ Containing core operating costs. These burdens will not lessen while the gap between current cost and quality and where everyone needs to get to is still significant. The building block is operational efficiency, such as enhancing staffing and managing the supply chain efficiently. Basically, changing the way care is delivered with the right providers at the right place, at the right time, diminishes unnecessary services and focusRead MoreCourse Schedule of Philosophy 2511695 Words   |  7 Pagesbe accessed through the University of Phoenix eResource Web site.| Instructor’s Name:|Khristian E. Kay, ABD| Telephone:|262.391.5716| UOP E-mail Address:|sysop@mrkay.org| Alternative E-mail Address:|pyr8z@yahoo.com| Availability:|My preferred method of communication is email (see above). You may call me on my cell phone at any time and leave a message there also. I will answer my cell phone only after 4 pm. If you are unable to reach me please leave a message that includes a brief description

Sunday, December 22, 2019

The Conflict of the Ethnic Groups - 1399 Words

Ethnic groups conflict Pastoralist Community Initiative And Development Assistance (PACIDA )highlights the insecurity as a consequence of race for the limited water and pasture in Marsabit area of Kenya (East Africa). Their report of the situation in Marsabit in 2009 indicated that within Marsabit, security has been a major problem. Over the past months in the cause of the year, series of cattle rustling and loss of human lives was quiet frequent, especially in Marsabit. Over range of four month 10 human lives claimed in the process of raid between the Borans and the Samburus. In fact this has been long outstanding conflict in the District. This indicates that some of the conflicts are well organized banditry executions. The different communities organize themselves to go raid others homesteads, particularly from another ethnic group and get livestock. This occurs majorly during the driest times when livestock die in large numbers. To restock their herds, the different communities go for raids in the other communities. The office of the prime minister of Kenya adds that, Security remained precarious for several areas in larger Marsabit district. Incidences of armed conflicts were reported along Loiyangalani and North Horr Divisions and along Marsabit and Laisamais district border. These are regions within the Marsabit District and region. The frequency of cattle rustling between the Samburu and Isiolo communities in particular raises a lot of concern. In theseShow MoreRelatedEthnic Group Conflict: The Israeli-Palestinian Conflict1445 Words   |  6 PagesIsraeli-Palestinian conflict demonstrates this concept vividly. Both sides harbor antagonistic social perceptions against each other. Only by changing these perceptions can a reconciliation be reached. The opposing views result in a biased lens, which only serves to uphold the traditionally held generalities each culture has of the other. Even though religion is a primary theme in the conflict between these two groups, it may only be the bridge that transcends all the differences of the two ethnic groups. TheRead MoreThe Political Problems Of Burma1621 Words   |  7 Pagestensions between ethnic groups. The country is also characterised by its unstable political regime, mainly military ones, and its diverse ethnic background. The main ethnic group are the Bam ar and occupy 60% of the land (Laoutsides and Ware, 2016). But no less than 135 ethnicities occupy the 40% left. Identity in the country is seen as the main explanation as to why the country cannot solve its political problems and is in constant conflict. We can wonder however to what extent can the conflict be understoodRead MoreCivic culture In Yugoslavia Essay1647 Words   |  7 Pagesfollowed â€Å"identity with or membership in a particular racial, national, or cultural group and observance of that group’s customs, beliefs, or language†. Ethnicity defines many of us but a few want our definition to be â€Å"cleansed† and this is when civil conflict arises. Ethnicity is frequently cited as an explanation for conflicts in the post cold war era. Yugoslavia, a prime example of a system that encountered ethnic conflict that led to a violent civil war, consisted of six republics and two autonomousRead MoreRace Is A Social Construction1074 Words   |  5 PagesD ivisions have been constructed by society. Society tries to put people into different groups, it makes it easier to define people as â€Å"other† 2. What are some of the commonalities people might share with others whom they consider in the same ethnic group? Give examples. Ethnic group, as opposed to race as explained in the previous questions, does have some basis. Commonalities that people share in an ethnic group are language, religion, traditions, or physical features. For example, someone who identifiesRead MoreEthnic Conflicts in Nigeria629 Words   |  3 Pagespoverty, and ethno-religious conflicts until the 1990s. The military continued intervening because they believed the civilian leaders were inept and indecisive. Ethnic conflicts continued to escalate through the democratic transition in Nigeria, as various ethnic groups demanded political restructuring. The federal structure has developed deep cracks and demands urgent action to fix it. What is most worrisome in Nigeria is the religious dimension of ethnic conflict and competition for power andRead MoreThe Causes and Solutions to Ethnic Conflicts1733 Words   |  7 PagesThe Causes and Solutions to Ethnic Conflicts Scholars of International Security have been trying to develop a theoretical approach to explain the causes of ethnic conflict for a long time. These studies have led to contentious debates but have also probed so deeply that their findings help shed new light on these issues, providing better understanding and possible solutions. Ethnic groups are defined as a community of people who share cultural and linguistic characteristics including religionRead MoreWhat is Confict Transformation 890 Words   |  4 Pages Conflict transformation explains that rather then getting rid of the conflict (expression or disagreement), it seeks to work at the problem from the inside out (Lederach, 1995). In this conflict stated above the root of the conflict was when the customer did not retain her information and software due to the suggestion given of performing a factory reset her computer. This problem could have been resolved when the customer first came in the store and inquired about this issue. The sale representativeRead MoreEssay on Ian Burumas Murder in Amsterdam1617 Words   |  7 PagesMuslim faith. Hirsi Ali eventually won a seat in the Dutch parliament. Each of the main characters presented by Buruma are absolutists in their right, but they are not, however, typical representatives of certain social or political ideologies or groups that increasingly find themselves in violent contention with each other. Theo van Gogh’s absolutism was in his support of free speech. His strong support for free speech was likely the result of the times, the 1960s, and his background includingRead MoreEthnicity And Its Impact On Development Essay1242 Words   |  5 Pageslining that was in ethnicity has begun to fade and in some areas, it has completed ceased to exist. Today, ethnic ambitions have continuously replaced the patriotism of people to a nation further dividing their loyalties to their nation (Manyasa, 2005:69). Tribal orientations and ethnic labels have taken over in most of African states. In such cases, a person is first loyal to their ethnic group and then second comes the nation. This is a scenario that has been seen to impac t on development. That isRead MoreEssay on Conflict and Communication 1267 Words   |  6 PagesConflict and Communication Conflict can happen anytime of your life, it will happen matter you want it or not. In addition, it can have both negative and positive impacts for our relationship (Gudykunst, 2004). According to Yi-Feng 2007, she mentions that conflict is â€Å"incompatible activities, where one person’s actions are interfering, obstructing, or in other ways making the behavior of another less effective†. In term of nature of conflict, conflict is a cause which happens by threatened human

Saturday, December 14, 2019

Humor of Flannery Oconnor Free Essays

Aaron Kalman Professor Suppes Art of Literature 15 September 2012 Humor in â€Å"Good Country People† Flannery O’Connor has always liked to use various types of humor and irony in her stories centered around the dark, tragic, and uncomfortable ways of life. She uses these literary techniques to mask what she is truly trying to say. â€Å"Good Country People† by Flannery O’Connor is a prime example of humor and irony which makes fun of the simple, intellectual, as well as the incongruous people in the world. We will write a custom essay sample on Humor of Flannery Oconnor or any similar topic only for you Order Now The most blatant and simple type of humor is found while observing the flat characters of Mrs. Freeman and Mrs. Hopewell. These two women begin the story by participating in routine gossip with one another. Their constant bickering and desire to feel superior to the other is humorous because of how uneducated they sound. O’Connor puts them in the category of â€Å"good country people† due to the fact that they are pure, simple, and honest. This is ironic because good country people are referred and compared to as trash multiple times in the story. Another example of irony includes when Mrs. Hopewell said that the Freemans were a â€Å"godsend,† but the reason she had hired them was that there were no other applicants. Despite Mrs. Freeman being extremely nosy, Mrs. Hopewell ironically refers to her as a â€Å"lady and that she was never ashamed to take her anywhere or introduce her to anybody they might meet† (O’Connor 379). O’Connor uses these two women to lighten up the mood of the story before introducing Mrs. Hopewell’s atheist and pessimistic daughter Joy. The humor that the author uses when describing Joy is more complex and tragic than any other character in the story. As a well-educated 32 year-old, Joy is not a pleasure to be around. Joy constantly suffers through tantrums and still dresses like a six year-old. While reading O’Connor’s description, it is hard not to laugh at the way she acts towards her mother as well as visitors. Joy â€Å"slams doors, stomps noisily around on her wooden leg, and is in constant outrage† (O’Connor 378). An example of her disruptive behavior is when she associates Mrs. Freeman’s daughters, Glynese and Caramae, with Glycerin and Caramel. Joy changes her name to Hulga, which is ironically more suited to her personality. Her mother believes she does it to spite her, but Hulga really does it with the idea that her mother has to accept her by using the new name. This light humor becomes darker when Hulga gets ready to go on a date with the sadistic bible salesman, Manley Pointer. The bible salesman known as Manley Pointer contains a comical sense which makes taking him seriously extremely hard. First of all, the name he chooses to use is extraordinary in its own right. Manley Pointer has a cartoon character approach to him as he enters Mrs. Hopewell’s house. An example of this type of characterization is shown when O’Connor states that the man â€Å"fell forward into her hall†¦as if the suitcase had moved first, jerking him after it† (O’Connor 382). Manley Pointer has a youthful and awkward approach to his customers mixed in with a hint of cleverness. Mrs. Hopewell states that â€Å"she never liked to be taken for a fool† (O’Connor 383). Her statement is ironic because of the slyness used by Manley to trick Mrs. Hopewell into inviting him over for dinner. As Manley fools Mrs. Hopewell, he begins his devilish act with Hulga. The climax of the humor in â€Å"Good Country People† occurs when Manley Pointer and Hulga go on a date. Manley and Hulga’s date begins with some comical light humor as Hulga tries to dress up in slacks, a dirty white shirt, and some vapex she finds in the medicine cabinet in order to seduce the bible salesman. This is humorous because its shows her ineptitude to do a basic task despite her having a PhD. Hulga thinks she is making Manley fall in love with her as he kisses her head to toe; however, ironically Manley is secretly seducing her. Her downfall occurs when she gullibly gives up her soul by entrusting Manley with her wooden leg. He then takes her leg and runs off into the distance with it, leaving Hulga stranded up in the hayloft. Satirically, the only person Hulga has ever given herself up to steals her life and breaks her heart. Throughout â€Å"Good Country People,† dark, uncomfortable, tragic as well as lighter and simple humor are all used by O’Connor. This and some situational and literal irony allowed all types of characters to be made fun of by the author. The ingenious humor and necessary irony by Flannery O’Connor in â€Å"Good Country People† are what make her story brilliant. Works Cited O’Connor, Flannery. â€Å"Good Country People. † Meyer, Michael, ed. The Compact Bedford Introduction to Literature. 8th ed. Boston: Bedford/St. Martin’s, 2009. Print. How to cite Humor of Flannery Oconnor, Essay examples

Thursday, December 5, 2019

Corruption and Anti-Corruption in Reform China free essay sample

After 1989 Tiananmen Square event, the new Chinese leaders have giventhe priority to the anti-corruption work on their agenda and strengthened the anti-corruptionefforts. But up to now, the corruption phenomenon is still very rife , and presentlyis seen as the second greatest public concerns(behind unemployment )? The abilityor inability of third generation political leaders to successfully curb corruptionwill play a major role in their political survival. This article will focus on theanalysis of the extent, forms and characters of corruption in current China, itscauses and effects, and the anti-corruption efforts of the Chinese Communist Partyand its government. 2 The extent, forms and characteristics of corruption in current China What is corruption? The notion of corruption varies with time and places. Accordingto Chinese official terminology , the core element of the definition of corruptionin current China is the notion of use of public power and public resources for privateinterests (Yi Quan Mu Si )? This is a very broad definition, which can includea series of phenomenon and behaviours and vary with time. Consequently, it canbe adapted to include new forms of corrupt practice. Corruption in current Chinais often links with negative phenomenon and unhealthy tendency within party andgovernment departments. As a result , anti-corruption effort also includes fightagainst all of these phenomenon and behaviours. This definition has three features. First , the core element of corruptionis not abuse or misuse of public power via-a-via legal norms or social standardsfor private benefits but the very use of public power for private benefits. Onthe one hand, this is a very strict standard for determining what behaviours canbe defined as corrupt since it can includes any behaviour utilising public powerfor private benefits. On the other hand , given that legal norms and moral standardsmay change with time, the definition may take some risks to exaggerate the extentof corruption or arbitrarily label some practice as corrupt. Another feature of this definition is the ambiguous of the term private interestsin contrast to public interests , i. e. the interests of whole nation and partyPrivate benefits include not only personal gains, but also the interests of workunits , departments and regions when they are given priority over public interests. Third , the definition leaves open the question of which the subject of corruptionis. It not only refers to individual public officials , but also can includes therelatives of public officials and retired public officials, and can also refersto some public bodies and their leaders (as legal rather than natural persons)? As mentioned above, in official terminology, corruption , negative phenomenonand unhealthy tendency are linked together. Although government officials andthe public generally agree on some practices as corrupt , there are fewer consensuseson other practices. Heidenheimers three-category classifications system providesa useful framework for understanding both the Chinese categories and the areas ofconsensus and lack of consensus. Heidenheimers framework includes three categories:(1 )? Class A or black corruption:The corrupt practices in this category,including graft , bribe, fraud, embezzlement , extortion, smuggling, tax evasion,etc. , Constitute an important part of economic crimes. Because they are obviouslyillegal and the main purpose of those involved in these practice is to increasetheir personal wealth , government officials and the public generally agree thatsuch practices are corrupt. (2 )? Class B or grey corruption : The key characteristicsof this category, into which more and more practices are being categorised , isleaders of public institutions using their institutional power to increase the oftheir institutions and improve the welfare of their staffs through various legal,semi-legal and illegal ways. Such practices includes public institutions makingprofits by engaging in business activities(such as public bank enter into the stockmarket, the bureau of environment protection selling environment protection facilitiesto their clients), setting up satellite companies , and imposing fines or collectingadministrative fees or charging the so-called service fee and then putting theincome into their own coffers. Class B also includes such unhealthy practicesas the extravagance and waste , e. g., spending public money to support luxuriouswork conditions and/or life style by senior officials. Such extravagance and wasteis manifested in many aspects : expensive entertainment, costly foreign cars forsenior officials, magnificent and tastefully furnished office buildings, domesticor foreign travel in the name of official business, etc. Such unhealthy tendenciesand the associated corruption , both significantly increasing the publics burden,have led to a significant public outcry. This has led Chinese authorities to attemptto stop these practices. However they have met strong resistance from these publicinstitutions which, in turn, justify their practices in terms of the purpose oftheir practice, the legitimacy of their institutional power and the work requirement. (3 )? Class C: or white corruption: Class C practices constitute a kind ofcommon practice of social life. They include the nepotism and favouritism in thepersonnel recruitment and promotion , bending the law in favour of relatives andfriends in law enforcement, preferential treatment in resource-allocations forrelatives and friends , etc. They are characterised by preferential treatment byofficials of relatives, friends, fellow-villager etc. much of which is, in fact,a way of reciprocating previously given favours. Such practices have penetratedwidely into public life , influencing the behaviour of government officials andordinary citizens as well , contributing to the operation and existence of networksof personal ties throughout China. Creating and maintaining the networks of personalties to seek and give favourable treatment is accepted by most people , includinggovernment officials, as a normal practice when they involved in these practice. However , such networks are condemned by those excluded from them although theywill not be hesitate to engage in such practice should they have an opportunityto do so. The late British China scholar Gordon White had also made a similar classification. 3 Inasmuch as the Chinese authorities combine all the above categories togetherin their anti-corruption work , in this paper I will treat them all as corruption. However by so doing , the Chinese authorities have set a difficult goal for themselvessince the limited consensus on white corruption may increase the difficulty of attackingthese practices. On the other hand, the labelling of some common practice falleninto the grey area from the white area and some common(white ) as corruptionmay help to delegitimize them and/or push them into the grey category , thuscontributing to anti-corruption and social and political progress. The extent of corruption has increased dramatically and sharply since 1978 withthe situation becoming even worse after in the 1990s. This tendency is apparentfrom the data on perception of corruption in developing countries provided by TransparencyInternational and summarised in table. The above table demonstrates a clear drop in the scores of corruption in Chinafrom until 1980 until 1995 reflecting the increase of corruption in China in thisperiod. The slight improvement is likely due to the strengthen of anti-corruptionefforts by the third generation political leadership and the deepening of market-orientedreform. But despite these slight improvements , the public and its deputies arestill very dissatisfied with the widespread corruption and the inadequate effortsat fighting corruption. The vote of nearly forty per cent of the deputies in the1997 session of National Peoples Congress against General procuratorators ZhangSiqings Annual work report is an indication of this dissatisfaction. In the 1990s , corruption has worsened and taken new characteristics withinthe above three categories:(1 )? Class A: corruption as a form of economiccrimes has increased with the following manifestations. First , the number of large-scalecorruption cases increased sharply.